When studying neurospychology there are different methods used when testing. One study which is widely quoted is the article on Spatial and no spatial working memory at different stages of Parkinson's disease (A.M. Owen et al). It is one of the first studies to show a difference between spatial and non spatial working memory and this particular article is based on a working memory task. It focuses on patients with Parkinsons disease and evidently, this type of movement disorder affects patients spatial memory before verbal memory.
The article looks at medicated patients against non-medicated patients. Previous studies has shown that dopamine has complex affects on spatial working memory and does actually improve it. Results from the article discussed earlier, suggest that there is no significant difference when testing non-medicated patients, however, patients with mild or severe clinical symptoms, showed a difference. The staging criteria for Parkinson's disease is now assessed using the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale. The difference found from the study, is unclear as to whether the results are because of the particular stages of the disease or if it is in fact because of the affect of the medicine, as dopamine changes the balance of receptors.
The study looks at the CANTAB test which can also be used to measure strategy, It looks at spatial, verbal and visual memory and it has been made so complicated so that the visual presentation is as similar as possible.
Friday, 9 December 2011
Friday, 2 December 2011
Memory
There are several processes involved when storing information. Memory is a process and not unitary and involves encoding, retrieval, recall and recognition.
A lot of research has been conducted in the past to discuss and evaluate the existence of the several types of memory proposed from scientists and theorists.
James (1890) was one of the earliest to suggest that we have a primary memory and secondary memory. This was later researched further, to find that infact the primary memory is short term memory and the secondary memory is long term memory (Braudbent 1958).
there are of course several divisions of those dichotomies. The long term memory can be fractioned in to declarative memory ( explicit memory) and nondeclarative memory (implicit memory). Declarative memory refers to the recall and recogntion of facts which can be accessed to conscious recollection. Non declarative refers to the recall of material that is not deliberately encoded or retrieved.
Squire (1994) suggests that declarative memory 'refers to a biologically meanginful category or memory depending on specific brain systems.' Schacter (1987) refers to non declarative memory as the memory that involves no explicit or conscious intention to lear or memorise and that 'it embraces several kinds of memory and depends on multiple brain systems.' Declarative memory can be subdivided to semantic memory and episodic memory.
Another type of memory is working memory and is in association with what we do with materials in the short term memory and many have criticised it has may be isomorphic.
There are evidence supporting the existence of short term memory and long term memory. This is proven in studies on patients with impairments and lesions. Short term memory is a distributed organisation and is associated with the left parietal lobe in the brain. Many parts of the brain are involved in long term memory.
Theres are several types of impairments, one of the most well known, major impairment is amnesia. This type of impairment refers to partial or complete loss of memory. There are two types of Amnesia, first being retrograde amnesia and is related to things that have happened in the past. Anterograde amnesia is when they can remember the past but can not create new memories.
A lot of research has been conducted in the past to discuss and evaluate the existence of the several types of memory proposed from scientists and theorists.
James (1890) was one of the earliest to suggest that we have a primary memory and secondary memory. This was later researched further, to find that infact the primary memory is short term memory and the secondary memory is long term memory (Braudbent 1958).
there are of course several divisions of those dichotomies. The long term memory can be fractioned in to declarative memory ( explicit memory) and nondeclarative memory (implicit memory). Declarative memory refers to the recall and recogntion of facts which can be accessed to conscious recollection. Non declarative refers to the recall of material that is not deliberately encoded or retrieved.
Squire (1994) suggests that declarative memory 'refers to a biologically meanginful category or memory depending on specific brain systems.' Schacter (1987) refers to non declarative memory as the memory that involves no explicit or conscious intention to lear or memorise and that 'it embraces several kinds of memory and depends on multiple brain systems.' Declarative memory can be subdivided to semantic memory and episodic memory.
Another type of memory is working memory and is in association with what we do with materials in the short term memory and many have criticised it has may be isomorphic.
There are evidence supporting the existence of short term memory and long term memory. This is proven in studies on patients with impairments and lesions. Short term memory is a distributed organisation and is associated with the left parietal lobe in the brain. Many parts of the brain are involved in long term memory.
Theres are several types of impairments, one of the most well known, major impairment is amnesia. This type of impairment refers to partial or complete loss of memory. There are two types of Amnesia, first being retrograde amnesia and is related to things that have happened in the past. Anterograde amnesia is when they can remember the past but can not create new memories.
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